I have seen extended roofs built using beams that penetrate the outer wall, it can be done. You need careful flashing detail to make sure that water does not travel along the beam into the house, seems in your case that is lacking.
As for the deck, you can build a deck using a ledger attached to the sill beam, or probably better is to build a free standing deck with no ledger. If you use a ledger, you need to install the proper flashing to prevent rot to the house framing.
As for the deck, you can build a deck using a ledger attached to the sill beam, or probably better is to build a free standing deck with no ledger. If you use a ledger, you need to install the proper flashing to prevent rot to the house framing.