I'd see if either water or mineral spirits dissolves that glue. If not, lacquer thinner probably will.
I'd use a cheap wide paint brush to brush to paint that adhesive with lacquer thinner and immediately cover with wax paper and use some boards or sticks to hold the edges of the wax paper down. The wax paper will prevent the lacquer thinner from evaporating while it dissolves the glue. Then, slowly pull the wax paper back while scraping the glue off the tiles with a putty knife.
Obviously, lacquer thinner is both volatile and flammable. Use plenty of ventilation to get the fumes outdoors, and please don't smoke while doing this kind of work. Take a break outdoors in the fresh air if you start day dreaming a bit too much.
Maybe put a bit of lacquer thinner on those tiles just to ensure it doesn't dissolve the tile first.
Alternatively, take the tiles off the floor. Those kind of tiles are called "asphalt tiles" and they probably contain asbestos. Most likely the adhesive holding those tiles down contains asbestos too.
Asbestos is a three sided coin. It's one of the most abundant materials in the Earth's crust, so, depending on where you live, it's hard to avoid exposure to asbestos if you simply go outside. Basically, the entire state of California is covered with an asbestos bearing rock called "Serpentine", so standing downwind of any excavating activity in California will expose you to asbestos. The parks around the City of San Fransisco in California were measured to have an airborne asbestos count 50 times higher than would be allowed by the OSHA in a workplace without requiring the employer to provide his employees with protective breathing apparatus. That's because the roads in these parks were made out of gravel, and the gravel was made out of Serpentine rock. So, as cars drove over those roads and ground the rocks together, huge clouds of airborne asbestos fibers bellowed into the air behind the cars. Nowadays, California state law has drastically reduced the amount of Serpentine rock that can be used in the gravel for making gravel roads.
And yet, people in California aren't all dying of mesothelioma (the asbestos related form of lung cancer). That's because we're all different, and some of us are more susceptible to the health affects of such things as lead, asbestos, black mold, benzene and other chemicals, than others. Someone can smoke his whole life and die of a heart attack when he's 90. Someone else can smoke and die of lung cancer when he's 37. Put asbestos in the same bag as smoking cigarettes.
Generally, people with limited exposure to asbestos (like DIY'ers) don't suffer any health effects from relatively short exposures to asbestos. Where people get mesothelioma is where they've been working in asbestos related industries for decades. It's like cigarettes in that respect. Someone who smokes for a decade, and then quits can have his lungs recover completely within 5 to 10 years after quitting. After that, they are no more likely to get lung cancer than a non-smoker. Most people need continuous exposure to cigarette smoke (even second hand smoke) for multiple decades to contract lung cancer from smoking.