Yes, there is an answer to the high bolt and nut.
I would drill down as close to that side as you can for a "red-head" fastener. Do this BEFORE you cut the plate so you won't split the plate. Then I would notch the jack stud as you mentioned doing on the other side to fit over the top of the "red-head".
After all that, frame up a rough door opening, then cut your plate for your door opening.
However, I would still dig down outside at the garage door, and also install some plate ties from the garage door studs down to the concrete slab. A couple of Simpson SP-2's should be long enough... or one SP-3... (or similar type fasteners) to reach well down onto the slab.
- Take the nut and washer off.
- Use a chisel to clean out a hole in the wood the diameter and thickness of the nut and washer.
- Put the nut and washer back on.
- Cut off the offending length of bolt with a hacksaw.
I would drill down as close to that side as you can for a "red-head" fastener. Do this BEFORE you cut the plate so you won't split the plate. Then I would notch the jack stud as you mentioned doing on the other side to fit over the top of the "red-head".
After all that, frame up a rough door opening, then cut your plate for your door opening.
However, I would still dig down outside at the garage door, and also install some plate ties from the garage door studs down to the concrete slab. A couple of Simpson SP-2's should be long enough... or one SP-3... (or similar type fasteners) to reach well down onto the slab.