yes, its possible to epoxy to cmu's,,, however, yours appears to have been coated/painted so you'd not be attaching to cmu,,, 'sides, you really need mechanical support/attachment otherwise you'll likely be back asking how to re-attach the pieces that've fallen off
another method's to attach metal lath & mud over it w/latex-polymer-modified mortar then mortar liteweight lavarock onto the chimney,,, for best appearance, you'd still have to repour the cap.
i'd have preferred to see a reglet for the existing flashing, too,,, consider that as well.