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Resource for understanding gas valve?

17K views 19 replies 7 participants last post by  Nestor_Kelebay 
#1 ·
I recently disassembled a gas valve from a discarded water heater. I found inside an amazing assortment of diaphragms and mechanisms that seem way beyond the basic function of the valve as I understand it.

Is there a resource where I can find out how these inner mechanisms work? I find that understanding the workings of a device is extremely helpful when things don't go smooth while repairing them.
 
#4 · (Edited)
I don't believe for a minute that this guy wants to start repairing his own gas valves. Since when can you buy parts for gas valves?

I think it's blindingly obvious that the guy simply wants to know how a gas valve works so that he can better understand his water heater and diagnose problems with it when it doesn't work as it should.

And, most of the time the tank will die before the gas valve anyway, so there is limited need to repair the gas valve. The new heater will come with a new gas valve.

That is, his story about wanting to fix gas valves is merely his justification for wanting to know how they work.
 
#3 · (Edited)
Darsunt:

Gas valves are actually very simple to understand. Once you understand how they work, it'll almost seem embarrassing to have to explain how they work cuz they're so simple.

When you look at a gas valve, imagine two valves in series.

The gas port where the tube to the pilot light connects is between the two valves, so that gas can flow to the pilot light as long as the first valve, or "safety" valve is open. If the second valve, or "main" valve is open, it can also flow to the burner trays.

Both valves are operated by electromagnets. The electric power to hold the first valve open, and therefore allow gas flow to the pilot light comes from the thermocouple or thermopile immersed in the pilot light flame. The thermocouple or thermopile generates electricity from the heat of the pilot light flame.

So, if the pilot light flame goes out, then the voltage to hold the safety electromagnetic valve open is lost and the safety valve closes, thereby shutting off gas flow completely, including the gas flow to the pilot light.

The second electromagnetic valve in the gas valve, the "main" valve, allows gas flow through a much larger tube to the burner trays. This second electromagnetic valve gets power from either a 24 VAC transformer or the thermopile. Up until recently flue dampers were not required on water heaters so 120 VAC power wasn't needed to operate hot water heaters. As a result hot water heaters typcially used thermopiles to generate more electricity than a thermocouple could, and used that electricity to operate both electromagnetic valves in the water heater's gas valve.

A thermopile is nothing more than about 25 thermocouples all connected in series, so that a thermopile generates about 750 millivolts instead of the 30 millivolts that a thermocouple produces.

On a boiler or furnace, there will be 120 VAC power available to operate the circulating pump or blower, and so by using a 24 volt transformer this 120 volt power can be converted into the same 24 VAC power that the safety controls on a boiler or furnace operate on. By simply putting the second electromagnetic valve in series with all of the safety controls, the second electromagnetic valve will open and allow gas to flow to the burner trays as long as every safety control in that "control circuit" allows power to flow through it. If any safety control detects a problem, it interrupts the circuit to that second electromagnetic valve, thereby shutting off gas flow to the burner trays (but not the pilot light).

This is where I fly off on a tangent:
Typically, the thermostat in a house won't be connected directly to that 24 VAC control circuit to the main valve in the gas valve. That's because to heat up a house you also need the boiler's circulating pump or furnace blower to come on to deliver the heat to the house. I'm much more familiar with hot water heating systems, so I'll describe the typical arrangement for a boiler. Typically the thermostat will be connected to a double pole 24 volt relay, and when that relay gets energized, it completes two circuits; a 120 VAC circuit to the boiler circulating pump or furnace blower, and a 24 VAC circuit through to the temperature control (or "aquastat") on the boiler. When power flows through that aquastat circuit, it energizes a second relay that completes a 24 VAC circuit through all the safety controls to the "main valve" in the gas valve. So, as long as the thermostat is calling for heat, the aquastat is controlling the boiler temperature setting (from 160 to 190 deg. F) and turning on and shutting off the gas valve to maintain the boiler water temperature at that setting. If the first relay completed the circuit to the gas valve directly, then the boiler would keep firing until it kicked itself out on high limit. By having that first relay control a circuit through the aquastat that controls a second relay which operates the gas valve, then the aquastat controls the gas valve to, in turn, control the water temperature in the heating system. A boiler will typically have a "ladder diagram" which shows the start up sequence as sequence of "loops" (kinda like a ladder).
Newer boilers or furnaces will simply have a "controller" that the thermostat connects to that does all this and more.
Back to the chase...

So, to diagnose a gas valve, first check to see if the pilot light is on. If so, then the thermocouple or thermopile is generating enough voltage to keep the safety valve open. If the appliance is a hot water heater but it's not firing up, the thermopile might be weak. It may be producing enough power to open the safety valve, but not enough to open both the safety and main valves together. If replacing the thermopile doesn't work, then you need a new gas valve.

If the appliance is a boiler or furnace, it'll use 24 VAC to operate the "main" valve. Check to see if you're getting 24 VAC at the terminals on the gas valve. If so, and the boiler or furnace isn't firing up, then you need a new gas valve. If you don't have 24 VAC at the gas valve terminals, check for continuity across all the safety devices in the control circuit of the boiler or furnace as it's likely one of the safety devices is interrupting the circuit to the main valve.

The "button" you have to push on a gas valve when lighting the pilot light simply overrides the first electromagnetic valve to allow gas to flow to the pilot light. Once the thermocouple or thermopile is hot enough, the electricity it generates will be sufficient to hold that electromagnet open and you can release that "button". This can often take a few seconds.

Also, thermocouples gradually lose their ability to generate sufficient voltage to operate that safety electromagnet, and when they do, gas flow to the pilot light stops. So, a pilot light that won't stay lit is often the result of an old and weak thermocouple. Different thermocouples get replaced differently. Most of the time you can just pull down on them to pull them out of a spring clip that holds them in place. Other thermocouples will be held in with a thumb screw you loosen from below to pull the thermocouple out. Basically, if it doesn't have a thumb screw on the bottom, pull down on it.

Some gas appliances, like natural gas burning fireplaces will have a "dual" pilot light that has two pilot light flames; one for a thermocouple and the other that continuously heats a thermopile. The thermocouple will produce the voltage to hold the safety valve open in the gas valve, and the thermopile will produce the voltage that goes through the control circuit to the second electromagnetic valve. In this way, the fire place can be turned on, turned up, turned down and shut off with just the turn of a switch even without external electric power being supplied to it.

This is what a thermoCOUPLE looks like:

The copper "tube" is really a coaxial cable. The outside of the cable is copper and there's an insulated copper wire that runs inside it. When the end of the thermocouple is heated, a voltage is generated between the two copper conductors.

This is what a thermoPILE looks like:

The distinguishing characteristic of a thermopile is that it connects to the gas valve with two electric wires (each with a terminal crimped onto it) rather than with a single nut like the thermocouple does.

And, finally, since both a thermocouple and a thermopile simply create a voltage difference between two wires when their ends are heated, different lengths of thermocouples will all generate the same voltage, just as thermopiles of different length. So you can use a longer thermocouple to replace a shorter one, and use a longer thermopile to replace a shorter one. They're like extension cords or garden hoses or battery booster cables in that respect. That's important to know when you're water heater's pilot light goes out and the hardware store doesn't have a thermopile of the right length. (Just buy a longer one.)
 
#5 ·
Thanks Nestor. I plan to review your info very carefully.

What I mean by repair is, if I find a gas valve has a problem, maybe I know to tap it and shake it a certain way to get it to work, or know just to throw it away. The mechanisms I found in side are so complicated, with such fine tolerances I am amazed they work so reliably. I wouldn't dare try to take it apart and put it back together and expect it to work.

For example, I've traced the passage for the pilot light gas. An extremely tiny passage is allowed to pass gas through the main valve when the valve is turned to pilot position (and that electromagnet is working or the red button pushed). But before it reaches the pilot line it opens up into a chamber that has some kind of diaphragm thingy. Then goes back to being a tiny passage to the pilot light tube. Why this additional complication?

I've traced the passage to the main burner line from the main valve. Before it reaches the main burner line it has to pass through a chamber that has a diaphragm with SEVERAL different layers, some rubber, some metal, some that look like paper. Why does it have to be so complicated? Or is this super technical stuff that I would never understand?
 
#6 · (Edited)
Kinda like me taking my computer apart and then going online for some DIY advice (with my spare trusty old HP windows dinosaur). That valve is way to complicated to describe. I understand where you are coming from. Someday I plan to take apart a car motor to trace all the ports etc and see how it works. Don't know if the garbage guys will haul away the parts. The diaphram thingys are the pressure regulators. One regulates the pilot gas pressure and the other the main valve pressure. Buy yourself "The Fundamentals of Gas Utilization" book by Dutton if you want to learn about regulators etc.
http://www.amazon.com/Fundamentals-Gas-Utilization-John-Dutton/dp/0919852246
 
#7 ·
This post reminds me of a near panic attack I had when standing pilot furnaces switched over to IID DI systems (spark ignition). The thought of having to learn electronics was daunting. Well as it turned out I did not need to know what all those little transistors, micro chips ect were for.

What was important was knowing what functions it was supposed to perform. Knowing a system's sequence of operation is also key,

So if an inducer would not activate I would not try to find what resistor or other electronic piece on the board failed, I would just change out the board.

Same goes for a gas valve. If it does not keep the pilot lit and the gas flowing to the burners I know it is bad. All the stuff going on inside valve and how it's made are immaterial.

I hate when I read some electronics whiz thinks he is going to fix his malfunctioning furnace control module.

I saw a furnace blow the covers off because some computer guy tried to fix the board. Since he did not have oem parts he bought generics from Radio Shack. Some how it messed with the logic circuit and didn't allow the safety to work and ...KABOOM!
 
#8 ·
If the appliance is a boiler or furnace, it'll use 24 VAC to operate the "main" valve. Check to see if you're getting 24 VAC at the terminals on the gas valve. If so, and the boiler or furnace isn't firing up, then you need a new gas valve. If you don't have 24 VAC at the gas valve terminals, check for continuity across all the safety devices in the control circuit of the boiler or furnace as it's likely one of the safety devices is interrupting the circuit to the main valve.
I posted a similar thread the other day, but I will leave the question here. I am not sure where to check on the terminals on my particular gas valve. There are two identical black wires coming out from a connector (somewhat like a two-wire plug on a car light). One goes to a terminal marked TH, the other to a terminal marked TR. When I checked, neither had any current to it, so this may be a moot point as far as which one to check. I'm just not sure I'm checking the correct terminals. This is an older (1986) furnace, so I know things have changed since then. A visit to my post may help clarify my question and I apologize ahead to any who may offer assistance there and feel that I am "double dipping."

As for checking the continuity, without schematics my knowledge of what goes where is a little lacking.

Q Is the top left where the two black wires come out the actual main solenoid?

My problem is on a furnace in a greenhouse at work and I plan to probably either get another valve- if one can be found- or put in another later model heater that we have available. Personally, I would rather repair one than run new lines and start trying to make stuff fit to another heater. Long political story there.

PS-
NK, I think you were a little harch on John. He just wanted to err on the side of safety. I agree that a DIY should not be repairing gas valves, but I also can see where an understanding of what, where, how can help. Which is why I read this forum!:thumbsup:
 

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#10 ·
PS-
Nestor: I think you were a little harsh on John. He just wanted to err on the side of safety. I agree that a DIY should not be repairing gas valves, but I also can see where an understanding of what, where, how can help. Which is why I read this forum!:thumbsup:
I agree.

I make my own beer, and last night I dipped into it a little too deeply.

So, my first job this morning was to edit that post into a kinder gentler one. (I figure I better do that cuz the guy prolly knows way more than me so I better not get on his bad side cuz I might need his advice some day.)

I agree that he was only trying to steer the poster away from danger.

My own personal feeling is that there is NO DANGER in knowing how a gas valve works. My understanding is that on the very expensive gas ranges like Wolfe, you can buy replacement electromagnets to repair gas valves. However, these are not available on the gas valves used for home heating and domestic water applications. So, no repairs are possible on those.
 
#11 ·
Darsunt:

I've traced the passage to the main burner line from the main valve. Before it reaches the main burner line it has to pass through a chamber that has a diaphragm with SEVERAL different layers, some rubber, some metal, some that look like paper. Why does it have to be so complicated? Or is this super technical stuff that I would never understand?
I expect the reason it's not as simple as you'd like it to be is that the gas valve has additional features built into it, such as the override button to relight the gas valve. Also, and I don't know that this is the case, there is more than one way to shut off the flow of a fluid. Your toilet's fill valve and your washing machine's water mixing valve DON'T work the same way as your kitchen or bathroom faucet. The toilet fill valve and clothes washer's water mixing valve actually use the pressure of the water itself to shut off the flow.
Basically, you have a diaphragm that covers a "seat" through which fluid flows. The fluid pressure acts on both sides of that rubber diaphragm, but the area over which it acts is larger on one side than the other, so there is a net force holding the diaphragm tightly closed over that seat to shut off the fluid flow. If you then have a small spring loaded plug on the large area side that you can remove to release the fluid pressure on that side of the diaphragm, the diaphragm will pop open allowing flow out of the seat.

When you put that plug back in, the pressures equalize on both sides of the rubber diaphragm and it closes tightly over the seat again, thereby shutting off the fluid flow.

This is one method to use a very small amount of force to control flow of a fluid at relatively high pressure, and I have no doubt that gas valves use this closure system because it's very reliable. And, when you try to incorporate this method of opening and closing the two valves, it's gonna get pretty hairy inside that valve.

It's only a guess, but it's my best guess.
 
#16 ·
I'm not sure where your previous post is. If you copy and paste it in here, I'll take a look at it and see if I can help solve your problems.
http://www.diychatroom.com/f17/how-check-gas-control-valve-37162/

I know lots of things that are older than 24 years.
Besides you and me???:laughing:

I checked with a local parts distributor a few days ago as you suggested, but unfortunately they tell me that this Modine furnace is obsolete, no parts info available. I gave them all info as far as model, ser#, other codes on the label.

For the gas valve itself, I have taken it off and there is absolutely no info stamped into the body. "Honeywell","Gardena, California", a couple of die marks, "1/2 psi (?)" is all that is there. There is a label that has long since faded and which I presume had the necessary info on it.

The connector terminals are somewhat rusty and after cleaning them as best I could, I managed to get intermittent voltage at both black valve terminals. If I wiggle the terminal at the TR connection, I can hear the valve try to open but I have to keep my finger on it. At least for a couple of times, but now it doesn't even do that.:(

and download the original documentation that came with that gas valve. That will tell you the correct way to wire that valve (with or without safety controls on the 24 VAC side).

Ditto for the furnace. You should be able to download the documentation that came with that furnace, and it will include a "ladder diagram" telling you how the start up sequence is supposed to work on that furnace. (That will include all the 120 and 24 VAC loops and what relays turn on which loops in order to get 24 VAC to the main solenoid of the gas valve.)
Ergo my delimna, no schematics to follow and limited knowledge of what is supposed to be where.

Backup plan: I have two other heaters that I can replace this one with.

darsunt-
My apology for hijacking your thread.
 
#17 ·
Downunder:

I read your previous post, and if you're only intermittently getting 24 VAC to the gas valve, then I'd expect that one of the safety controls in your heater is either intermittently stopping power from getting to the gas valve, or the transformer isn't working properly.

I know Modine makes car radiators, so I thought that maybe the company closed it's gas fired boiler operations, but apparantly I was wrong.

This web page shows that Modine is still building gas fired heating units:

http://www3.modine.com/v2portal/pag.../markets/building_HVAC/market_landing_003.htm

One of the free downloads on that site is entitled "Service Diagnosis Guide for Modine Gas Fired Unit Heaters". That seems to be the pot of gold you're looking for. Even if the types of heaters discussed in that booklet are different than yours, the ladder diagrams SHOULD be similar to yours. That's because their idea of the "best way" to start up a boiler would have been used through all the different models of boilers they made.

I'd start by downloading that guide and seeing if it's relevant to your heater.

I'd also look in your local white pages phone book and see if there's a Honeywell office in your area. Take some pictures of your gas valve and see if anyone in that office can identify it.

Hang on, I'm going to look through that Modine service booklet and see if the unit heaters they discuss look like yours.
 
#18 · (Edited)
That Unit Heater Diagnosis booklet doesn't have any wiring or ladder diagrams in it. It just consists of standard things to check for specific conditions.

However, it does talk about a "burner motor" which may run but not produce a spark to ignite the gas. They also talk about a fuse and a reset switch.

Modine does maintain a tech support phone number for help on it's heating systems. Go to:

http://www.modine.com/techsupport/

On the right side, under the picture of their manufacturing facility in Racine, Wisconsin is a "Questions, Comments and Feedback" linke. I'd e-mail those people some pictures of your greenhouse heater and see if they can identify the model. (IT doesn't have to be exactly the right model. All the models similar to your heater built about the same time as your heater will have pretty similar wiring and ladder diagrams.) See if they can identify your heater, and ask if they can send you or e-mail you the original documentation that came with that heater, espcially the wiring and ladder diagrams.

And, check to see if there's a Honeywell office near you and see if they can visually identify that gas valve. If not, e-mail some pictures of it to:
https://www51.honeywell.com/honeywell/contact-support/customer-support-details/combustion.html

If it's a Honeywell gas valve, someone at Honeywell should remember it.
 
#19 ·
"Clean and tight" my daddy used to say as a mechanic. Anything that needed a gasket, clamp, or connection. In recent years I have heard the philosophy of KISS- Keep It Simple Stupid!

Final solution- rusty connection on the call for heat circuit at the terminal from the transformer to the lead going in to the valve. A little emory cloth....

Our "walks on water" shop mechanic disassembled the supply plumbing, took the valve out and took it most of the way apart, put it all back together, lit the pilot and declared it healed! I asked if he wanted to actually turn it on (call from stat) and see if it worked. I did that and told him that only the pilot was on but no heat. He found something else to work on so I had to start this saga from scratch. It's a little hard to see up a dark hole with bifocals, behind a heater, no head room, and the glare of the sun in one's eyes. Remember, this is in a greenhouse. So I got a flashlight-in the bright sun- and discovered the rust. Tried to clean it with some WD40 and scraping it with a pocketknife blade. Finally took it off so I could get it on a bench. Unable to find any model info but did find a faded out decal on the side. I'm beginning to ramble. After a good cleaning, I connected the source current, kicked up the stat for a call, and played morse code with the valve by touching the ground to complete the circuit. Put it all back together, turned the stat up, VIOLA! Hit it four times over the next couple of hours and it's still working.

Clean and tight!
Dedicated to the best troubleshooter I have ever known.
 
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